ENGLISH LITERATURE

                                                                                            The criticism labelled against Euripides in Medea is not merely for the exceptional portrayal of the heroine as an immoral, almost inhuman woman, but also for the unsatisfactory ending the play has. Here the playwrights has been accused of striving after spectacular effect by restoring the techniques of Deus ex machine or ‘god on the machine’, a cheap device used by the unskilled dramatists failing to bring natural conclusions to the plays which was criticize...

The Birds has been extensively analyzed over the years, and a great number of different allegorical interpretations have been offered, including identification of the Athenian people with the birds and their enemies with the Olympian gods. Whereas Pisthetaerus has been interpreted as a metaphor for Alcibiades, an Athenian statesman, Euelpides is one of the politician flatterers. The 'agon' in The Birds is conventional in form but there is no antagonist, the two main characters are Pisthetaerus and his friend Euelpide ș , with Pisthetaerus delivering a speech and Euelpides providing supportive comments. The Euelipides has been relegated to an inferior position largely due to Euelpides' willingness to concede the initiative and leadership to Pisthetaerus. The play begins  with two middle-aged men, Pisthetaerus and Euelpides, stumbling across a hillside wilderness in search of Tereus, the legendary Thracian king who was once transformed into the hoopoe bird. After ...

W.H. Auden was born on 21 February 1907; New York, England .Auden was the first poet who drew his ideas and imagery from Marx and Freud. W.H. Auden is a poet of the age of anxiety. In fact the poem begins with the idea of being dialectic and ends in being almost romantic Look, Stranger is a poem about place and scene. This discovers to himself the fascinating beauty of Dover Cliffs enveloped all around by the sea. Auden feels himself a stranger to the sight when the sun suddenly leaps up from the bottom of the sea. The poet asks to the stranger to look at the wonderful scene which is introduced and enhanced by the first rays of the rising sun. In order experience the beauty, he is hinted to be completely absorbed in its beauty with silence and calm spirit. Thus, the music of the waves may go lazily trusting and turning through the ear like a river course. Then the poet asks to stranger to see the cliffs পাহাড়ের sloping down ঢালু to the sea. There the tall cliffs stand firm ...

"The Lagoon"  is a  short story  by  Joseph Conrad  composed in 1896.  The story is about a white man, referred to as "Tuan" .                Tuan with other boatmen comes to meet Arsat, his old friend in lagoon. The other boatman were not ready to go to Arsat’s place because by seeing the lagoon they got scared also because it was night and the boatman were not ready to go. So Tuan decides to move alone to Arsat’s place by taking his necessary things from the boat.(love u prati) Tuan class Rasta from outside of his house but he does not responds so Tuan goes inside and meets Arsat but instead of greeting him he asks him whether he has any medicine with him and Tuan says he has no medicine. He further asks why he wanted it.Arsat says that his wife is ill and her body temperature is like flame. Tuan watches her and says Arsat that he is doubtful whether she will be able to live o...

The title of Katherine Mansfield's short story "The Fly” is quite suggestive as it neither comes from the protagonist, nor from the situation, but from a little insect which occupies a considerable part of the narrative. The title clearly shows the importance of the fly episode in the story. The narrative centres round the character of the Boss, who conversation with his friend Mr.Woodifield ,was reminded of his dead son, whose grave Mr.Woodifield's daughters had lately come across in Belgium. The reminder was a fresh injury on an old wound that caused the Boss's heart to bleed afresh. The whole past up the news of his only son’s death six years back came up to his memory to make him absolutely miserable.   At that moment, as if only to divert the Boss's mind, there was seen in his broad inkpot a fly trying desperately to get out of the ink. The Boss picked up that fly with his pen and put it on a piece of blotting paper. Slowly the fly recovered cons...

Oedipus Rex projects a vision of an idealized woman and explores what happens when such a figure is tested in some agonized যন্ত্রণা moments of the play. In fact, Jocasta shares with Oedipus the same common disaster coming through the establishment of the terrible prophecy about Oedipus. In Oedipus's case, the fulfilment of the prophecy has only confirmed his anxiety, in Jocasta's case, it has come as a sudden blow. She has been, at the same time, the helpless instrument in the punishment of Oedipus. (jocasta as a women and a nature towards Oedipus) As we find her at the beginning of the play. Jocasta is sober and commanding. She pacifies Oedipus and Creon who have entered into a bitter controversy. Her advice that it is not the duty of the members of the royal family to quarrel when the city has been suffering, shows her prudence and sagacity. Throughout the interaction she is honest in intention and speaks cautiously. She shares Oedipus’ agony at the apprehens...

Robert Browning, (1812-1899), one of the major Victorian poets, is an optimist and as an optimist he places himself above almost all writers of his era. We, in his poems, find his optimistic attitude towards love which make him optimist in every aspects of life. Browning, as an optimist, tends to believe in essential goodness of man and the salvation of man through the hard struggles. Now we will look into his optimistic views scattered in his poems especially in his dramatic monologue. When Browning started writing, the attitude of the milieu was scientific and materialistic. And this means, people had lost faith in religion, morality and spirituality. He was optimistic about the existence of God and the notion of a perfect heaven. His poetry is a reflection of this, deviating from the scientific temperament typical of his age. Robert Browning is an optimist, and as an optimist, he is a moralist and a religious teacher holding a very distinct place among the writers ...

“porphyrias lover   is a poem by rbert brownibng which ws first published as “porphyria” in the january1836.“ Porphyria's Lover " was quite subversive for its time (and to an extent, still is) but prose writers of Browning's Victorian England were also dabbling in Gothic literature and horror. This is one of many examples where Browning shared more with his contemporary prose writers than with his contemporary poets. The poem is a dramatic  monologue  which means the speaker addresses someone and his words and thoughts indicate to the reader his character and/or state of mind. The narrator of " Porphyria 's Lover" is a man who has murdered his lover, Porphyria. He begins by describing the tumultuous কোলাহলপূর্ণ weather of the night that has just passed. It has been rainy and windy, and the weather has put the speaker in a melancholy mood as he waits in his remote cabin for Porphyria to arrive. Finally Porphyria comes to meet her lover in a stormy...

Charles Dickens: one of the most prominent and influential novelists of the Victorian age, in fact the most popular of all English novelist so far. Some of his great novels are Pickwick Papers, Great Expectation and Bleak house in which his comic view of life, social criticism and power of storytelling are clearly reflected. Dickens seems to see things differently in an amusing and exaggerated way. As a novelist, Dickens is a social chronicler .he is found to have introduced social novels in a much bounder sense. His novels are full of pathos and there are many passages of the extravagant sentiments. His themes chiefly focus on mans thoughts, imaginations, affections and religious instincts. In spite of pain, dirt and sin with which his novels are full, they leave an impression and the reader of the firm optimism and an exaggerate temper of Dickens. All of his characters comes out of the pit of suffering and distress as better man, uncontaminated purer than before. Dic...

                              "Literature' is system, or structure, whose constituent parts include the poem, the essay, the novel and drama. In this structure called literature each form (or unit) generates meaning in particular way. Expanding this notion, we see that literature is one system within a larger system of representation of culture. The system of culture includes other non-literary forms such as cinema, reportage, television, political speeches, myths, and traditions. ‘Culture’ is a structure where these various forms exist in relation with each other. Meaning is generated when we understand the rules by which myth, literary texts and social behaviour are linked to each other. Structuralism is interested in the relationship between the elements of a structure that results in meaning. Since it believes that meaning is the effect of the coming together of elements, it follows that if we...

                    As the title suggests, Mahasweta Devi's Mother of 1084 is the moving story of a mother who has to witness and identify the corpse number 1084 that of her son Brati, who has been murdered by the hooligans, actively supported by the police, because of his involvement the Naxalite movement. The play traces the development of the mother figure of Sujata from an apolitical stereotype into a politically aware entity, a woman who has become conscious of the life of significant action. The play reaches its culmination as Sujata finally bursts out in wrath against the cultured opportunism of her family, which again is a reflection of the society in total.   Mother of 1084 begins with a phone call from Kantapukur police morgue asking Sujata to identify a corpse of number 1084- that of Brati, her son. Brati's involvement in the Naxalite movement is so deeply embarrassing to t...